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| 999 |
| | Mahmud, a Turk, builds an empire based on Ghazni (in modern Afghanistan) | |
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| 1040 |
| | The Seljuk Turks win a victory at Dandanqan, which gives them a base in the north of Iran and Afghanistan | |
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| 1383 |
| | Timur begins twenty years of almost continuous conquest with the capture and destruction of Herat | |
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| 1410 |
| | Shah Rukh, son of Timur, begins rebuilding the city of Herat | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | Herat, under Timurid princes, succeeds Tabriz as the main centre of Persian art | |
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| 1504 |
| | Babur captures Kabul, making it and eastern Afghanistan the first possession of the Mughal empire | |
| | Babur in a garden Fotofile CG
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| 1543 |
| | Humayun, driven west into Afghanistan by Sher Shah, loses his family's new inheritance in India | |
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| 1747 |
| | A tribal leader, Ahmad Shah Abdali, is elected king of the Afghans in an event seen as the foundation of the Aghan nation | |
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| 1839 |
| | A British army invades Afghanistan and instals a puppet ruler, Shuja Shah, as the Afghan amir | |
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| 1842 |
| | The British abandon Kabul, losing most of the garrison force in the withdrawal to India and bringing to an end the first Anglo-Afghan war | |
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